Tourist Motivation to Travel

Tourist Motivation to surviveingTourist motifs be most-valuable factors in understanding holi sidereal day authorizer behavior in relation to finis choice and motivating relates to the needs, goals and preference of the tourers. In many touring carry motivations argon recognized as starting train in point to understand tourist behaviours (Crompton, 1979). Motivations have overly been seen as a calamus to segment tourism market. According to Backman (1995) motivations are associated with various(prenominal) basic needs for participating, for instance in activities. Today, motivation tourism is the democratic topic in enquiry. The most whiz popular typology of tourist motivation is Cromptons (1979) push and pull model which emphasizes that tourists choice of a travel destination is influenced by two embraces. fight factors that push individuals from home, and pull factors that pull individuals toward a destination. In some other words, people are traveling becaus e they are pushed by their inborn motives and pulled by external forces of a travel destination (Lam and Hsu, 2006). It has been express that most push factors derive from individuals intangible or intrinsic desires, such(prenominal) as desire for escape, adventure seeking, dream fulfilment, novelty seeking, rest and relaxation, health and fitness, prestige, and socialization (Chon, 1989).The Plearn pallid (busyness Hin) is the first Eco vintage colony in Thailand. The Plearn queasy colonization has been established on about three rai site at Phetkasem Road, humming Hin between soi Hua Hin 38 and 40 opposite Klai Kangwon palace of King Rama VII. The Eco time of origin Village recaptures the senior elegance and classic watch of the old in Hua Hin. Plearn wan is on an open lawn subject area with a two-storey wooden building around the village. It reminds a live museum and the time of origin settings is based on the villages of foregoing generations. Plearn wan aims to be a spunk for people to learn and experience Hua Hins of the past. Plearn tired of(p)s village is environsally warm and use recycled paper wrap and containers. The most of all employees live in the adjacent community. Plear nWan fork ups an elevator for the elderly and a slope for people with disabilities in response to the concept of free space for everyone. At Plearn Wan village there is restaurant, coffee patronage, clothes shop class, smokedy shop and liquor shop from the past. there is plenty of opportunity to take nice photos and buy souvenirs. At passs there is an open air cinema. On a busy weekend Plearn Wan village is enforceed several thousands of people. This has buzz off one of the main Hua Hins drawing cards. The entrance to Plearn Wan village is free of charge. The most of tourists go to visit in the village because they need to think about the part when they was young.This enquiry focuses on the tourist motivation and activities related to the destinatio ns in Plearn Wan in Hua Hin. Based on the reasons that why the tourists interested in Plearn Wan, Hua Hin more than that they go to aboard or shopping in the luxury department stores. Plearn Wan is a new destination love in Hua Hin, the tourists corporation enjoy on behalf of the center of happiness home base where times stopped in the past. Moreover the design of village shops make from wood, that can make tourist feel in the 2499 again. Plearn Wan Village, in order to retain to the tourists motivation and developing for interesting stupefy.Clear title of project Tourist Motivation and Attraction A case take away of the Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village in Hua Hin.Concise line of research problem The concept of Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village is the old style, also the materials and equipment for the built and construction not enough because it hard to get down the same liaisons in order. Such as furniture, vase, plate, bowl, lamp and many things to decorate in the villag e. From this reason, Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village has develop and create new things succeederively to the tourist attraction.Project objective The objective from this research areTo collapse the roles of motivation in tourists decision making to visit Plearn Wan.To measure the tourists that reward and need to return in Plearn Wan.Conceptual Framework Tourists Characteristics Gender bestride Nationality OccupationTourist ExpectationEco Vintage Village in ThailandTourists gratification/disgratificationResult AnalysisStrategy to Develop Tourists MotivationAnd Further searchThe scope and definition of the study This research provide occur in Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village, Hua Hin. The irresolutionnaire provided by information counter in front the village. excessively the staff or student will sink it to the tourists when they free. This research center on tourist motivation in this place and satisfaction to shops inside and need to revisit in this village nigh times.Tour ist a person who visit in Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village, Hua Hin.Assumptions all of tourist that go to visit in Plearn Wan Village. Tourist are majority in this village. The satisfaction and need to revisit in this place again.Limitations time frame is one of the limitation for this research, it is a short period of time to collect selective information for the research. The questionnaire will translated to 2 languages, Thai and English solitary(prenominal) because its international language. In questions, which result to the tourist motivation include the satisfaction or disatisfaction in this place.Background Plearn Wan is the first Eco Vintage Village in Thailand. It has been established under the traffic ideology. The site about three rai located on Phetkasem road, Hua Hin, Prachuap Kiri Khun Province. Plearn Wan was actually created under the concept of live museum and perceived in visitors a real community or place allowing people to spend the steady-going times toge ther. This village designed in an open lawn area with a two storey wooden building around a one thousand grass median and have its vintage setting and decorations closed to the villages of previous generation.Literature review Tourist motivation is the major factor to success in tourism industries. Push and pull theory has already stick the hard-hitting mode to study tourist motivation (Dann ,1977). For a dour time, the academic circles pay much attention to the Push and Pull force factors of travel destination. The tourist motivation and activities is important for destinations to understand leisure tourist destination choice (Moscardo,1996). Motivation has been referred to as psychological, biological, social needs and wants, including internal (or emotional) and external forces (Chon, 1989). The successful of destination depend on the motivation and attraction in the place. Also it can increased tourist come to travel and visit it effected to market share stronger economic ( Lewis,1993).The concept of motivation and attraction result the fact that tourists satisfaction at destination. Destination market is the possibilities of arranging more tourism activities. The realmal cooperation needs to be however coordinated and more marketing efforts and investment is required. For Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village, it would be better to emphasize the variety of village offers rather than the different style, since motives straggle more between different types of village than between different regions. Tourists are persons seeking satisfying leisure experiences on trip away from home. This office a search for nuclear elements of attractions that individuals can experience in person. The tourists psychological science reveal that they are motivated by a wide trudge of needs. These might included the need for rest, relaxation, novelty, education, regression, or prestige. Today, Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village is a new beautiful place that motivate tourist visit or (Berger, Arthur, 1993).Destination development aims an important issue in tourism studies. apprehension tourism motivation and activities will help destinations improve their products and function. Not only enhance the quality of products, more importantly is to be aware of the consume needs of target tourists and where the main tourist markets area. The principal motivation for a business or region to serve tourist are loosely economic. An individual business is interested primarily in its own revenues and costs, season a community or region in concerned with tourisms overall contribution to the economy, as well as its social and environmental impact. A good understanding of tourisms economic impacts is therefore important for tourism industry, disposal officials and communityNowadays, in the are of motivation and attraction to destination become to many research. Only few studies concentrate on examining the motivations and profiles of health and wellbeing tourists. So me studies have focused on different sub-sectors, such as spa tourists, yoga tourists or spiritual tourists (Lehto, 2006). For Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village focused on the old live style building that can make the tourists feel like they was young because in village decorated shop and sell the products from the past. Also tourist never see in this day before but they can find and by it to collect in this place. Moreover, tourisms economic impacts are therefore and important consideration in state, regional and community planning and economic development. Economic impacts are also important factors in marketing and management decision. Communities therefore need to understand the sexual congress importance of tourism to their region, including tourisms contribution to economic activity in the area. The indefinite market for tourism in Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village kernel that visitor attraction essential work hard to understand what the tourists cute and then improving and dev eloping to the best attraction and motivated the tourist need to visit. The motivations are connected to individuals basic needs for participating versatile activities, developing preferences, and expecting satisfaction. The motivations of wellbeing and wellness activities, purchasing wellbeing and wellness products and services or participating in wellbeing holiday are also connected to customers needs and interests (Backman , 1995). Plearn Wan has been set the method to improve to be better and interesting to tourists destination choice for travel and relax on the weekend.The quality of the environment, both natural and man-made are essential to tourism. However, tourisms kind with the environment is complex. It involves many activities that can have adverse environmental effects. many an(prenominal) of these impacts are linked with the construction of general infrastructure such as roads and airports, and of tourism facilities, including resorts, hotels, restaurants, shops, go lf courses and marinas. The negative impacts of tourism development can gradually destroy the environmental re bloodlines on which it depends. On the other hand, tourism has the potential to create beneficial effects on the environment by contributing to environmental protection and conservation. It is a way to raise ken of environmental values and it can serve as a tool to finance protection of natural areas and increase their economic importance.Environment nearby a tourism destination interrelate with tourism action mishap in the Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village. A assortment in whichever environment can change the pattern of tourism. As follow Political There are several concerns to consider that affecting in tourism the other state political people are making the small thing to a large extent and they are making the public in to troubles these impacts have a serious impact on the travel and tourism industry, leading to increased business failures demise of certain destination s.Climate is obviously important for tourism, many tourists find it to have a high change of sunny and warm weather at their holiday destination, in order to relax by swimming, sun bathing and sight seeing in foreign place. For the global tourism industry, climate change bring more risks than opportunities. There will be regional and seasonal shifts in tourist flows resulting in both winners. However, it is undoubted that the tourism will continue to be a growth sector and despite the challenge of climate change. In Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village is friendly with environment because it building around commons grass median and designed buildings by wood.The effective manager must not only have very good knowledge of the region where they are personally based, but the should also from their own are which are linked to it insignificant itineraries. Managers become more competent, tourism boards more effective on their expenditure, marketer target and researchers deliver and insightf ul abridgment. Further analysis is required to understand the tourism system of certain type of tourism. Also A Whole Tourism System is useful in analyzing in tourism industry to successful in each destination (Leiper, 1995). info required The entropy required for this research are the tourist satisfaction or dissatisfaction in the destination. This research based on the tourist motivation and attraction in the destination choice. Theory related on Push and pull factor in order and analyze the data. Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village, Hua Hin internal data, such as background information and activities in the village, are necessary for better educating and understanding. entropy source The data source in this research divided by two parts, the first data is which collect from the tourist directly and the secondary collect from shop owner in Plearn Wan Eco Vintage Village, and from the literature review, such as theories, book, and journal.Data collection technique Researcher will ra ndom simple the method for selecting the sample that present the population. Questionnaire will be used as mover to collect the data from Plearn Wan Village tourists whoVisit in this place. Questionnaire is one of the most commonly use for data collection in research (Veal,2005). The reasons for using questionnaire are that it has less disturb to tourist or visitor than other method, as well as, it is the quickest way to collect the data with in the time limitation of this research. In this research, the questionnaire will be translated to 2 languages, Thai and English only because in this destination is new attraction in Hua Hin that is not know well in foreigner. The questionnaire will be given to tourists and visitors checking at the front of village and ask the question when they free or checking out. Moreover the use of the net has also become a valuable tool to collect, capture, and share information from different sources. Internet provides many capabilities, including the capability to transfer data files electronically. Large amounts of data can be transferred from one location to another in a consequence of seconds. This capability can improve the timeliness of obtaining information necessary to aliveness organizational performance measurement analyses. Many books and manuals are available that provide information on use of internet.Data analysis In this research, data will be analyzed using descriptive-Inferential statistic and SPSS computer system(Statistic Package for the well-disposed Science).Berger, Arthur, 1993 Vietnam Tourism/Arthur Asa Berger, Retrieved from http//www.google.com/books?hl=thlr=id=KETzAmFyu3gCoi=fndpg=PR6dq=whole+tourism+systems+in+vietnamots=tRyyqyKfUIsig=HozafJDFUFl_BEg6UYTZHEOVc2Yv=onepageq=f=falseDann,, G. M. (1977) Anomie ego-enhancement and tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 4 (4),184-194. Dann,, G. MBackman, K.F., Backman, S.J., Uysal, M., Sunshine, K.M., 1995. occurrence tourism anexamination of motivations an d activities. Festival Management and Event Tourism 3 (1), 15-24.Crompton, J.L., 1979. Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research 6 (4),408-424.Crompton, J.L.1993 Economic impact analysis Myths and misapplication Trends 30 P 9Chon, K.S., 1989. Understanding unpaid travelers motivation, attitudes, andsatisfaction. The Tourist Review 44 (1), 3-7.Lehto, 2006. Yoga tourism as a break within the wellness tourism market. Tourism Recreation Research 31 (1), 5-14.Lam, T., Hsu, C.H.C., 2006. Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination.Tourism Management 27 (4), 589-599.http//www.thailand-huahin.com/plearnwan-huahin.htmLeiper, N. 1995 Tourism Management Collingwood, VIC TAFE Publications

Factors Affecting Financial Reporting Quality

Factors Affecting fiscal inform QualityFinancial inform StandardsFinancial Reporting Standards (FRSs) and Accounting fancys influence the production and intromission of financial statements. The FRSs that influence the production of financial statements argonFRS 3 Reporting Financial PerformanceThe FRS sets forth the basis for presentation of general purpose financial statements in a manner that ensures comparability. As the FRS requires reporting entities to highlight financial performance to aid the practicers in understanding the performance achieved, it sets out the overall frame workplace for the presentation of financial statements. It also lays smooth the guidelines for the structure of financial statements and defines the overall settings for financial statements, much(prenominal) as fair presentation, accrual basis of accounting, consistency of presentation, materiality and aggregation, and relative information.This impacts the commission profit and financial performance is reported and also the paygrade of the assets and liabilities. It helps the users of accounts comp atomic number 18 financial statements both with the entitys financial statements of previous arrests and with the financial statements of some other entities.FRS 15 Tangible Fixed AssetsFRS 15 sets out the principles of accounting for initial measurement valuation and disparagement. It ensures that tangible fixed assets atomic number 18 accounted for on a consistent basis. It requires residual values to be reviewed at each balance sheet date.This impacts the valuation of tangible fixed assets.IAS 2 Valuation of InventoriesThis accounting standard sets out the accounting treatment for inventories. It provides focal point for determining the cost of inventories. It is out-of-pocket to this standard a loss due to damaged goods is excluded from inventory cost.The three concepts that fall in influenced the production of the financial statements areAccrual conceptThe f inancial statements feed been prepared on an accruals basis. The accrual concept, also known as matching principle, requires that transactions are reflected in the accounts of the period to which they relate to and not in the period in which payments are made or received. reach of Accrual concept on pull aheadWhen a trading and profit loss account for a period is compiled, the cost of goods sold relevant to the sales made during the period should be recorded accurately and in full in that account. bes and incomes appertaining a future period such as prepaying expenses and pre-received income must be carried frontward as a prepayment for that period and not charged in the current profit statement. For example, pre pay general administrative expenses would be carried forward to the period they relate to. Similarly, expenses accrued or income accrued allow for be included in the current periods profit statement by delegacy of an accruals adjustment. For example, manufacturing wages accrued will be added to manufacturing wages for the current period. restore of Accrual Concept on Assets / LiabilitiesAll prepaid expenses and accrued income will be interact as assets and accrued expenses and pre-received incomes will be treated as liabilities. acquittance Concern ConceptGoing contact concept is a part of UK statute law. This concept assumes that the business under consideration will remain in creation for the foresee sufficient future. Without this concept, accounts will have to be d unrefinedn up on the basis of what the business is credibly to be worth if it is sold gradually at the date of the accounts. sham of Going Concern Concept on realizeWhen an entity has a muniment of profitable operations and has a ready access to financial resources, unrivalled chiffonier conclude that the organisation will remain in existence for the foreseeable future. For example, as Appleby Oakley and Company has regularly been making profits, unity washbasin comf ortably draw a conclusion on going concern concept.Impact of Going Concern Concept on Assets / LiabilitiesGoing concern concept impacts the valuation of assets and liabilities. Due to the going concern concept, the values situated on continuing business assets and liabilities are different from the value lay on the assets and liabilities of a closing business. For example, stock is normally valued at cost price but if business were about to close have trading because it will be more relevant to use resale value of stock.Impact of Going Concern Concept on Users of AccountsGoing concern concept impacts the decision making of users of accounts. For example, management may occupy to consider a wide range of factors relating to current and expected profitability, potence sources of replacement financing and so forth while taking decisions.Consistency ConceptThe concept of consistency has been applied because the methods employed in treating certain items such as depreciation withi n the accounting records may be vary from time to time. According to consistency concept, once a business has pertinacious which accounting methods it is going to apply and how it is going to interpret the various rules of accounting, it should be consistent in all matters from course of instruction to form. This is necessary to enable relation of the results of the business from year to year.Impact of Consistency Concept on ProfitIf the consistency concept is not there, a business can hardly change an accounting method to vary the profits. For example, if a business wishes, it may vary the depreciation rates or method of depreciation at and alter the reported profits. Consider the pictures on profit of charging depreciation at 15% this year on 10,000 worth of fixed assets and then charging depreciation at 10% next year on the identical 10,000 worth of fixed assets. This year you would charge 1,500 against profits and next year it would be only 1,000, using the slap-up line method of providing for depreciation.Impact of Consistency Concept on Assets / LiabilitiesIf there is no consistency in the accounting methods, the assets and liabilities reported in different years will not be comparable.Impact of Consistency Concept on Users of AccountsUsers of accounts including investors, management etc. can make more meaningful comparisons of financial performance of the makeup from year to year.Partnership SalariesAll associates have a right to work in and manage the alliance business. The checkmates may make arrangements amongst themselves whereby a partner may be entitled to a requital. Partnership wages includes hire drawn by a partner from the fusion funds for acting in the partnership business. An agreement to pay a partnership net income to a partner for a special project is an internal arrangement. The effect of the arrangement is that the partner receives a fixed part of the profits of the partnership before the remaining part falls to be div ided among the partners in the appropriate proportions. The impact of partnership salary is only on the way the partnerships funds are applied as between the partners. A partner drawing a salary is not an employee and any salary paid to the partner cannot be claimed as a deduction from net profits. Therefore, one can neither treat a partnership salary as a true salary, nor an expense of the partnership, but only as a distribution of partnership profits to the recipient partner.If Appleby suggests that he receives a salary, he will still be a partner and cannot be treated as an employee of a partnership. This implies that the partnership will not be able to claim a deduction for Applebys salary. Similarly, Applebys salary cannot form or increase a partnership loss. In reality, Applebys salary will be a mere allocation or publicity of profits prior to general distribution and will not be taken into account in calculating the net partnership income or loss. Appleby will need to show the amount received as salary as his income on his tax return. The amounts distributed to Appleby will be brought into account in computing his interest in the profits or assets of the partnership. However, the amount paid as salary is still regarded as constituting part of the profits of the partnershipIf Appleby gets a salary of 2,500 per month, profit share of Oakley will reduce from 85915 to 73915 as illustrated belowAsset DepreciationIn general, an asset can be depreciated if it meets ALL of the following requirementsThe asset is used in a merchandise or business or held for the production of income as an investment property.The asset has a finite period of usefulness in the business that can be estimated and is longer than one year.The asset is susceptible to wear and tear, pictorial deterioration through interaction of the elements, or technical obsolescence.GAAP specifically excludes shoot down from computation of depreciation. filth normally has indefinite economic bi ography and it does not decline in economic value as a consequence of wear and tear, natural deterioration through interaction of the elements, or technical obsolescence. Therefore, it fails to satisfy the second and the third conditions for an asset to be depreciated.Land is probably the most common asset that is not depreciable. However, buildings may be depreciable. Generally, if such is the case then the cost of the land must be separated from the cost of the building for depreciation purposes. In the scenario under discussion, land and buildings are assumed to imply land and therefore not depreciable.ReferencesReporting Financial Performance, Available from http//www.frc.org.uk/asb/technical/standards/pub0102.html, Accessed 20 November, 2006International Financial Reporting Standards, Available from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Financial_Reporting_Standards, Accessed 20 November, 2006Accounting Concepts and Conventions, Available from http//www.accountingweb.co.uk/ cgi-bin/item.cgi?id=69109, Accessed 22 November, 2006ANNEXURE AAssumptions and work Notes for Task 1-2-3Assumptions1. As the scenario merely states that overheads are apportioned between the pulverization and the administration/other sections and does not specify a share (except in the case of insurance), following share of overheads is assumedRent factory 1/3 administration etc.2/3Light and heat Factory 1/2, administration etc. Insurance Factory 1/4, administration etc. 3/4 (given)2. It is assumed that the accumulated depreciation figures in the outpouring balance are before taking into account the current years depreciation.Working NotesCost of Raw Material Consumed = Opening broth of Raw Material + Purchases of Raw Material Closing stock of raw material=12800 +274500 -8500Depreciation on Plant MachineryPlant Machinery at Cost Price= 31000Accumulated Depreciation=18100Written down value as on 31 December 2003= 31000-18100=12900Depreciation = 15% on pen down value= 15% of 12900= 1935Depreciation on furniture and FixturesFurniture and Fixtures at Cost Price= 34700Depreciation = 10% on straight line basis= 10% of 34700= 3470Depreciation on labor VehiclesMotor Vehicles at Cost Price= 28800Accumulated Depreciation=12600Written down value as on 31 December 2003= 28800-12600=16200Depreciation = 15% on written down value= 20% of 16200= 3240There is a 10% mark-up on manufacturing cost. As finished goods are valued at factory cost price with no adjustment for manufacturing profits, the 10% mark-up is taken as a part of the general reserve.Profit share and drawings are held through current accounts. Therefore, an adjusted current account is prepared.Finished goods have been adjusted for the damaged goods.Page 1 of 6Dr. Archana Raheja

Contract Law Legal Advice Example

Contract Law jural Advice ExampleLegal Advice1. The storehouse is relying on an exemption clause. Customer A is likely to swallow a refine against the fink under schedule 3 of the unjust Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations (1999) which disallows a business to exclude a consumers legal rights. In this instance, client A may seek supply under the trade of Goods work on 1979 s 14 (2) (goods must be of satisfactory quality) as amended by the Sale of Goods Act 1994 if the graze does not assist her.2. Customer B may be fitted to rely on undue cast, the main fountain being bailiwick Westminster Bank v Morgan where it was held the take onant must not suffer from manifest disadvantage. unwarrantable influence simply means unfair pressure on a officey when forming a contract. The defecate may argue there was no spare similarityship between the parties, in which discipline it is for client B to prove this (Williams v Bayley). Following the decision in Lloyds Bank v Bun dy, the question may be whether there was inequality of bargaining strong point the shop class acted as an agency for the HP financers. In this case, the creditor (financers) may be unable to enforce the contract against customer B (Kingsnorth Trust v Bell) if customer B can successfully plea undue influence then the contract may be rendered voidable (set aside).3. In relation to customer C, she may be able to rely on the Sale of Goods Act 1979 as amended by the Sale and Supply of Goods Act 1994, which states under s.13, that the goods must be as described (see Beale v Taylor). in that respect must be a reliance on the description of goods as decided in Grant v Australian Knitting mill Ltd, but in this instance the customer is entitled to a remedy against the shop.4. Customer D is seeking to bring a complaint for double-dealing misrepresentation under the Misrepresentation Act 1967. Stating that the kidminders were qualified is a pretended statement of fact (Bisset v Wilkinson ). Defined in Derry v Peek, dish geniusst misrepresentation is a statement where there are several factors, one of which is a reckless statement made with stunned caring whether it was true or not. In this instance, the shop is likely for all damages, including all loss, to the customer (Smith New Court Securities v Scrimgeour Vickers).5. Neighbours are seeking to complain all over a private nuisance. It can be defined as continuous, nefarious and indirect interference with a psyches enjoyment of overthrow Balance must be stuck between conflicting interests, namely the shop needing its deliveries and the neighbours peace in the morning. Has the duration being continuous? (Bolton v Stone) The shop being aware of the problem, if it fails to address the issue, then it may be liable for nuisance (Leakey v National Trust).6. The shop has a transaction of dread under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957, s 2 (1) towards visitors, in this case invitees to the shop (s. 1 (2)). The shop must espouse reasonable steps to inform a visitor that an area is out of bounds. It did so in this case, with the notice on the door. Under s. 2 (3) (a) of the olla 1957, the shop must be prepared for children to be less scrupulous than an adult. However, the shop is entitled to be assured that the behaviour of a boylike child should be supervised by an adult (Phipps v Rochester Corporation). Therefore, this part of the claim may fail since the mother did not keep her child under supervision.In relation to her claim for nervous shock, there is a 3 stage test as outlined in Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police, namely a). Was the mother in competent proximate time and space to the incident? b) There must be close ties of love and affection to the victim c) The claimant must have seen or heard the incident or its immediate aftermath. As all these answers are in the affirmative, then it is likely this part of the claim may be successful against the store.7. The shop is liable for injury to F under the Employers Liability Act 1969, s1. F is no longer required to survey the manufacturer as the shop has informed her, although she may do so if she wishes. F (employee) must show a) That the blot in the equipment caused the accident and b) That the defect was due to a fault in the manufacture. In this part, the employer is liable instantly to F.With Fs claims for bullying, the shop is liable under vicarious liability, since this is a tort by an employee acting in the course of their employment. A famous case for this was outlined in Jones v Tower Boot Co8. An advertisement is an invitation to address, where the customer makes an bring home the bacon to buy (Partridge v Crittenden). There may only be revocation of an offer where response is made to an invitation to treat (Payne v Cave). In this case the customer accepted the terms of the offer and is entitled to the goods as stated (Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Surplus Stores).9. The shop is li able under the Consumer Protection Act 1987. The fact that Hs sister did not make the contract is irrelevant as the case of Stennett v Hancock illustrated that a duty of care is owed to a person receiving presents from the original buyer (H). Under s. 2 (1) of the CPA 1987, the supplier (shop) is liable, since the customer cannot identify or contact the manufacturer.10. The shop owes K a duty of care as outlined in the neighbour principle of Donoghue v Stevenson. To prove negligence, there must have been a duty, that duty was breached and causation. Therefore, the shop is negligent in this case. Also, K may have a claim under the Consumer Protection Act 1987 which places strict liability on anyone in the distribution food chain where a consumer suffers harm.11. This contract is frustrated. In the case of Taylor v Caldwell, it was determined that where a contract depends on a wedded thing (in this case 100 copper saucepans), and there is impossibility of proceeding of the contract, then the performance should be excused. Both parties are discharged from push performance in this case as the supplier cannot supply the send requested.12. Part payment of a debt can never be atonement for the whole payment as outlined in Pinnels good example (1602). This has since been confirmed in Foakes v Beer and Re Selectmove. Further, if the money is unable to be recovered at a later date, the doctrine of promissory estoppel applies where notwithstanding rights to recover the remaining sum will be extinguished (High Trees case)13. This is a case of pure economic loss. The negligent device driver does not owe a duty of care to the shop as there was no damage to the shops property (Spartan Steel v Martin). establish on policy guidelines, the loss of profit to the shop is non-recoverable to avoid the driver from a crushing liability.14. This is a negligent statement on the part of the accountants. In Hedley Byrne v Heller, the House of Lords held that a high horizontal sur face of proximity or closeness of relationship is required, and for liability to arise, a special relationship has to be shown between the maker of the statement and the person who relied on it. XYZ should be able to sue the accountants.BibliographyCharman, M, (2002), Contract Law, 2nd edn, London, Willan PublishingGiliker, P and Beckwith, S., (2004) tort, 2nd edn, London, Sweet and MaxwellMartin, J and Turner, C., (2001) Contract Law, London, Hodder StoughtonMartin, J and Turner, C., (2001) Tort Law, London, Hodder StoughtonRichards, P, (2002), Law of Contract, 5th edn, London, Longman Publishing

Cell-based Therapy For Myocardial Regeneration

Cell-based Th erapy For Myocardial varietyABSTRACTMyocardial infarction is one of the main ca aim of deathrate in many a(prenominal) countries. thitherfore, an effectual therapy for myocardial infarct is unavoidable. Reperfusion and former(a) conventional therapy have been the mainstay therapy for myocardial infarction. so far, many patients remain refractory to this therapy. Cell-based therapy is considered a novel therapy, in which foot carrells atomic number 18 used for cardiac remediate. groundwork prison jail carrells ar latent healing(p) and promising option that could be the alternative solution for salvaging disgraced cardiomyocyte. establish on current studies, alkali carrells are a promising sanative surface path for myocardial infarction. However, some challenges accept to be att shutdowned by here aft(prenominal) studies before this novel therapy house be wide applied. This essay wins an overview of the come along in base of operations carrell therapy for myocardial infarction.INTRODUCTIONThe robust potential of foundation cells were still a mystery, merely today, we are constantly acquiring new information on this particular military issue. whizz of the prospects of asc fetch upant cell therapy is to treat shamed cardiomyocyte (Fischer, et.al, 2009 Beltrami, 2003).A piecee myocardial infarction is one of the main causes of mortality and morbidity in many countries. Not only this illness causes a massive socio-economic burden, but too reduces the quality of live for patients who survive the blast (Hamm, 2016). Currently, one of the mainstay therapy for myocardial infarction is rapid revascularization to limit ischaemic damage. Reperfusion and other conventional therapy have undoubtedly saved so many lives, yet at that place are patients remained refractory to this therapy and left hand wing with no other discourse options. In addition to that, many patients who have underwent reperfusion strategy and survived, much left with significant impairment of left ventricular systolic bit. One big question remain unanswered. Is there any other intervention option for these patients? Medical therapeutic come along to reduce damaged cardiomyocyte and cause new functioning muscle is the current unmeet take aim.Stem cells emerge as the novel procedure to restore damaged cardiomyocytes, and this procedure is popularly cognise as cellular cardiomyoplasty (Pendyala, et.al, 2008 Reinlib, 2000). Many preclinical and clinical trials have authenticated the potential use of obeisance cells to generate viable cardiomyocyte and change cardiac function (Bergmann, et.al, 2009). To date, there are many unlike fictitious characters of adult shuck cells and primogenitor cells used for this procedure, some of which are fig up center of attention derived ascendent cells, hemopoietic alkali cells, mesenchymal arc cells and so on. Since the advance of radix cells engineering is faster tha n ever before, this essay aimed to give an evidence based update on pedestal cells use for myocardial infarction, what we have achieved so far, and what does the futurity hold for this break done.CELL-BASED THERAPY FOR MYOCARDIAL REGENERATION later an ischaemic attack imputable to occluded coronary vessels, spunk muscle usually left damaged and nonfunctioning. However, recent evidence suggested that the cardiac muscle could actually undergo a especial(a) make out of renewal. A prospect of inducing muscle cell to undergo division for cardiomyocyte subment, or generating new muscle by floor cells are certainly intriguing (Roell, et.al, 2002 Santoso, et.al, 2011).Stem cells are capable to proliferate in the same state (self-renewal) and variantiate into multiple cell lineages. On the other hand, progenitor cells are more specific and have limited eminence potential. Mechanism on how etymon cells work are as adopts firstly, these halt cells need to be extracted from the sou rce (eg. trick up marrow), after that these stem cells need to be delivered to the injured area. These cells are implanted in the myocardium, and repayable to the nature of these cells, they would grow and differentiate/transdifferentiate into cardiomyocyte. To achieve the goal of cardiac repair, these cells should also have the qualification to fuse with the surrounding tissues that their harmonious contraction outgrowths the punk contraction. Furthermore, these newly-formed cardiomyocyte should also express the appropriate electromechanical properties required for contraction to afford a synchronous contraction (Templin, et.al, 2011 Makino, et.al, 1999).Many clinical studies have documented the feasibility and condom of cellular cardiomyoplasty in patients with coronary artery disease (Makino, et.al, 1999 Strauer, et.al, 2002). To date, there are some different types of adult stem cells and progenitor cells used for this procedure, some of which are stand up marrow derive d stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and many others (Jackson, et.al, et.al, 2001 Kamihata, et.al, 2001 Bolli, et.al, 2011)POTENTIAL SOURCE AND TYPE OF alkali CELLSBone Marrow Derived Stem CellsBone marrow derived stem cells (BMCs) are the most widely studied type of stem cells. Orlic et al. (2001) first limn the ability of stand up marrow cells to regenerate infarcted myocardium in mouse models. The transplanted cells showed transdifferentiation into cardiomyocyte which finally cover to modify left ventricular ejection figure (Orlic, 2001). The tierce types of stem cells derived from bone marrow are hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) (Orlic, 2001 Piao, et.al, 2005 Badorff, et.al, 2003).The role of BMCs for sharp-worded myocardial infacrtion has been describe to improve left ventricular ejection cipher (LVEF), both in gear up-AMI and come on trial (Meyer, et.al, 2006 Schaching er, et.al, 2006).BOOST trial demonstrate an acceleration of LVEF after intracoronary BMCs transfer (ejection fraction increase by 6.7% in the BMCs conference as compared to 0.7% in the curb group), and significant result was sustained until 18 months (Meyer, et.al, 2006). While in REPAIR AMI trial, progression of LVEF, infarct size and wall thickening of infarcted segments were reported at two long time follow up. At two years, the cumulative end point of death, myocardial infarction, or necessity for revascularization was significantly reduced in the BMC group compared with placebo (hazard ratio, 0.58 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.94 P=0.025) (Assmus, et.al, 2010 Perin, et.al, 2012).Skeletal MyoblastSkeletal muscle has the ability to regenerate under certain circumstances. Skeletal resident stem cells are usually known as satellite cells, and these cells would differentiate to new myocytes in response to injury. However, whether this ability can be translated to a different condition, as in cardiomyocyte repair, should be further studied (Taylor, 198 Reinecke, et.al, 2002). MAGIC trial, a randomise controlled phase II trial, showed no significant changes in terms of globular and regional LV function in emaciated myoblast- treated patients (Mensche, et.al, 2008). other work performed by Dib et al.(2005) showed an increase in LV ejection fraction in the group treated with transepicardial guessing of autologous SMs.Mesenchymal Stem CellsMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a nonher potential option for cellular cardiomyoplasty. Mesenchymal stem cells can be found in various tissue, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue (Pittenger, 2004). One interest mechanism by which MSCs mediate cardiac function improvement is the paracrine effect. MSCs may secrete meltable cytokines and growth calculates that would eventually influence adjacent cardiomyocyte (Gharaibeh, et.al, 2011).Hare JM et al. (2009) studied the susceptibility of endovenous allogenic kind-hearted mesenchy mal stem cells in patients with myocardial infarction. harmonise to this get word, intravenous MSCs were safe as showed by the similar adverse event rank in both intervention and control group. MSCs injection favorably touched patient functional capacity, quality of life and LV remodeling (Hare, et.al, 2012).Endothelial primogenitor CellsEndothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been linked with neovascularization in ischemic tissue. This interesting finding lead to the use of EPCs for another therapeutic purpose care cellular cardiomyoplasty (Isner, et.al, 1999). The human skirting(prenominal) birth-derived EPCs would be a potential approach because those cells can be easily isolated without the need of major operative intervention (Lin, et. Al, 2000).This assumption was later confirmed by Badorff et al. In this study, Badorff et al. (2003) reported that EPCs from healthy volunteers and Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) patients can transdifferentiate into functionally particip ating cardiomyocytes when co-cultivated with rat cardiomyocytes. However, this finding was later opposed by Gruh I et al. Ac electric cording to this study, there was no significant evidence of transdifferentiation of human EPCs into cardiomyocyte (Gruh, et.al, 2006).Resident cardiac Stem CellsUntil recently, we believe that tit is a fully mature harmonium with no force of self-renewal. However, the adult heart is not a terminally differentiated organ, but harbors stem cell with regenerative capacity, namely resident cardiac stem cells (CSCs). Although the origins of CSCs are yet unclear, they can be isolated from heart tissue and expanded ex vivo for use as a cell-based therapy. There were many types of CSCs have been described in earlier studies, like epicardium-derived cells, cardiosphere-derived cardiac cells, and cardiac Sca-1+ cells. These resident stem cells have the potential to differentiate into different types of cells like vascular smooth muscle and myocardial cells (Tang, et.al, 2013 Tang, et.al, 2006 Fazel, et.al, 2006).Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS)Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst (inner cell mass) of human embryo prior to implantation. ESCs are pluripotent cells, which means they have the capability to differentiate into any cells, one of which is cardiac myocytes. Due to the source of these cells, there are ethical issues regarding the use of ESC (Kofidis, 2005).The huge potential of ESC comes with a price. The pluripotency of ESC do these cells predisposes to tumour formation including teratomas. Amariglio N et al. (2009) documented the occurence of a human hit tumour following neural stem cell therapy. A son with telangiectasia was treated with intracerebellar and intrathecal injection of human fetal neural stem cells. quadruple years later, he was diagnosed with a multifocal brain tumour. After thorough summary, the tumor was of nonhost origin, indicating it was derived from the transplanted neural stem cells (Amariglio, 2009). To date, due to the scarcity of studies on ESC and negative experiences of previous studies, the significance of ESC as cell-based therapy for myocardial infaction remains elusive. The above-mentioned limitation would hopefully be elucidated in future research.Human Umbilical Cord stemma CellsHuman umbilical blood cells (hUCB) contains a large number of non-hematopoietic stem cells which rarely express human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigens, thus reduction the risk of rejection. Many studies have reported the might and safety of hUCB brass section in corking myocardial infarction model, with irrelevant result (Henning, 2004 Moelker, 2007).According to Henning RJ et al. (2004) hUCB judicature reduce infarction size and improve ventricular function in rats without requirements for immunosuppression (Henning, 2004). Similar positive finding were documented by Kim et al.Circulating Blood-derived progenitor cellsCircul ating blood-derived progenitor cells (CPCs) are similar to BMCs, which mainly composed of EPCs. Santoso T et al. (2011) studied the safety and feasibility of combined granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and erythropoetin (EPO) based-stem cell therapy using intracoronary infusion of peripheral blood stem cells in patients with recent anterior myocardial infarction. G-CSF is used to mobilized stem cells to the injured area, inhibits cardiomyocyte apoptosis, promotes neovascularization, and increase the production of nitric oxide. While EPO, that is originally thought to be a hematopoietic hormone only, also may inhibited apoptosis and induce angiogenesis. This phase I study concluded that this procedure is safe and resulted in ameliorate endpoints for LV ejection fraction and cardiac viability (Santoso, 2011).Cardiopoietic Stem CellsCardiopoietic stem cells are not a distinct type of stem cells but refer to the novel way of processing stem cells in companionship to get a l ineage specification. Cardiopoietic stem cells are harvested stem cells that are treated with a protein cocktail to replicate natural cues to heart development, before creation injected into the patients heart. The C-CURE trial studied the efficacy of bone marrow derived-mesenchymal stem cells in degenerative heart failure. The isolated mesenchymal stem cells were exposed to a cardiogenic cocktail that initiation expression and nuclear translocation of cardiac transcription factors, before being injected to the patients heart. After six months follow up, patients in the treatment group significantly modify in terms of LVEF and fitness capacity. There was no evidence of increased cardiac or systemic toxicity induced by cardiopoietic cell therapy (Bartunek, 2013). Unfortunately, data comparing the efficacy and safety between cardiopoietic stem cells and mean(a) stem cells without cocktail-based priming is still lacking.DELIVERY METHODSIn order to pass water these stem cells reac h the heart, a reliable actors line method need to be employed. The ideal method should be able to safely and expeditiously deliver an optimal number of stem cells to the target tissue. Beside the high efficacy, this speech method should be as minimally trespassing(a) as feasible for the sake of patients comfort. There are some talking to methods worthy to know.Intracoronary selectionAs the name implies, intracoronary infusion is a process of delivering stem cells by dint of coronary artery, usually through intracoronary catheterization. Stem cells are infused under military press via a ballon catheter. The ballon was inflated in order to prevent anterogade blood attend that would compromize stem cells delivery. Catheter guided cell transfer has its unique advantage of safety under local anesthesia, and a part of routine cardiac catheterization. The intracoronary method provide a maximum number of cells to the target area, with good blood supply which is crucial for cell surv ival. Multiple studies have reported the use of intracoronary infusion for stem cells delivery (Strauer, 2002 Schachinger, 2006). intravenous Peripheral InfusionIntravenous stem cells electric pig is one of the easiest method to be employed. Intravenous administration is possible through homing phenomenon of stem cells to the injured heart. Unfortunately, intravenous peripheral infusion comes with some disadvantages. First, only 3% of normal cardiac fruit will flow per minute through the left ventricle. This low amount of blood would limit the amount of stem cells delivered. Secondly, due to the passing game of venous blood in the lung, many cells would trap in lung vasculature that eventually lead to stem cells reduction (Grieve et.al, 2012).Intramyocardial, Transendoccardial and Transpericardial RouteAs mentioned earlier, the downside of intravenous administration is the passing of the blood in certain organs that would entraped some of the stem cells. unalike intravenous route , intramyocardial method is undoubtly provide direct access to the injured cardiomyocyte bypassing the need for mobilization, homing and any risk of cells entrapment in other organ, thus provide a more effective way to deliver abundant stem cells to the injured area. However, this method comes with its own expense of a more invasive method, not to mention the risk of ventricular perforation in the already damaged cardiomyocyte. Intramyocardial delivery usually performed during an open heart surgery or needle-tipped delivery catheter (Strauer, 2003 Forrester, 2003). Nelson et al.(2009) documented that intamyocardial delivery of iPS originating from reprogrammed fiobroblast, yielded progeny that properly engrafted and resulted in restored contractile performance, increased ventricular wall thickness, and electric stability (Nelson, et.al, 2009).STUDIES USING STEM CELLS IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTIONMany studies have been carried out to investigate the efficacy and safety of stem cell therap y in patients with myocardial infarction. Each of these studies investigated different kind of stem cells with different delivery methods. The ultimate goal of these studies is to answer whether stem cell therapy could be a feasible therapeutic approach for patients with myocardial infarction. The result of these studies were not always positive, even some of the studies did not document any adept effect of stem cell therapy. However, this conflicting result need to be intepreted with caution due to the different study method, different type of stem cells used, and different delivery methods employed.Three meta- analysis on the efficacy of BMCs therapy for myocardial infarction have been published. In a meta-analysis by Delewi R et al, intracoronary BMCs infusion is associated with improvement of LV function and remodelling in patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The benefit in terms of LVEF improvement was more pronounced in patients with a worse baseline LVE F (LVEF cut off 40%) and younger age (age cut off 55 years) (Delewi, et.al, 2013). In a second meta-analysis by Clifford DM et al. (2012) which include thirty-three RCTs, there was no significant difference in hard end point like mortality and morbidity in the BMCs treated group. However global heart function, as represented by LVEF and infarct size, was improved significantly and was sustained long term (12 to 61 months) in the BMCs group (Clifford, et.al, 2012). The third meta-analysis by Long C et al. (2013) further confirmed the beneficial effect of intracoronary BMCs in patients with stabbing myocardial infraction. According to this meta-analysis, BMCs therapy significantly improved LVEF, while mildly but not significantly reduced left ventricular end-systolic volume and left ventricular end-diastolic volume (Lond, et.al, 2013). These three meta-analysis synonymously agree that BMCs therapy is beneficial in terms of improved heart function and reduced infarct size.CHALLENGES AND THE FUTUREWe have just entered the new era of stem cell therapy. When advanced therapy like primary PCI and thrombolytic showed more limited beneficial for patients with myocardial infarction, the concept of cell-based therapy is definitely appealing. This new approach could be the answer that have been waited for sometime.As we have discussed previously, there are many issues on stem cell therapy that need to be turn to in future studies. Firstly, what is considered to be the best stem cells to replace cardiomyocyte. Secondly, the compensate delivery method of these stem cells need to be determined. Whether different type of stem cells required certain delivery methods also need to be further elucidated. Another question is the right timing of delivery ( sharp, sub-acute or chronic), whether it contributes to the fate of stem cells. Fourth, the concentration of stem cells, dose-effect relationship and safety of stem cell therapy need to be further investigated. One particular topic in regard to stem cell safety is the tumorigenicity of ESC. We need to disembroil a way to reprogram these cells so they can differentiate into functional cells, but lack the ability to form tumours. Finally, novel diagnostic tools are required to detect and evaluate stem cells therapy. Future studies would hopefully provide self-colored proof on hard end-points (eg. mortality), instead of surrogate markers like LVEF or infarct size.CONCLUSIONTremendous progresses were made in cell-based therapy, and future advances would further lead us to a new solution for ischaemic heart disease. Stem cells own robust potential in medicine, one of which is to replace damaged cardiomyocyte. More evidents are needed in advance to widely use of this modality.REFERENCESAmariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, et al. (2009). Donor-derived brain tumor following neural stem cell graft in an ataxia telangiectasia patient.Assmus B, Rolf A, Erbs S, et al. (2010). Clinical outcome 2 years after intracoronary administration of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells in acute myocardial infarction. Circ flavour Fail, 3, pp.89-96.Assmus B, Schachinger V, Teupe C, et al. (2002) Transplantation of progenitor cells and regeneration enhancement in acute myocardial infarction (TOPCARE-AMI). Circulation. 106, pp.3009-3017.Badorff C, Brandes RP, Rdiger P, et al. (2003). Transdifferentiation of blood-derived human adult endothelial progenitor cells into functionally active cardiomyocytes. Circulation. 107, pp.1024-32.Beltrami AP, Barlucchi L, Torella D, et al. (2003) Adult cardiac stem cells are multipotent and support myocardial regeneration. Cell, 114(6), pp.763-776.Bergmann O, Bhardwaj RD, Bernard S, et al. (2009). depict for cardiomyocyte renewal in humans. Science. 324, pp. 98-102.Bolli R, Chugh AR, DAmario A, et al. (2011). Effect of cardiac stem cells in patients with ischemic myocardiopathy Initial results of the SCIPIO trial. Lancet, 378, pp. 1847-1857.Cao F, Sun D, Li C, et al. (2009). 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A Fire Alarm System | Engineering Essay

A Fire offend System engine room EssayIt is more prudent to head off a adventure beforehand than to deal with it after it occurs. Fire cast downs atomic number 18 wholeness of the or so aimful ship cornerstoneal to avoid squirt deaths. A rout out disheartenment remains is part of the total security administration providing nurture protection. inductive reasoning of terminate warning signal form gives rise to m both benefits such(prenominal) as safety of occupant of a building, reducing hurt of property or aboriginal nonification to advise discussion section.Two hundred years ago, early Ameri thrones fire alarms were very creative. The different ways to announce a fire were by blowing whistles, ringing church bells or even shooting guns into the air. due to the creativeness and inventiveness of early scientists, alarm systems were revolutionized. They were using the telegraph engineering science 1. Ensuing decades into the 21st century produces multi-funct ional community fire reporting methods by wireless transmitter. Consequently, alarm systems were inst everyed in private houses and business for security reasons. The send-off fire alarm system was created in the year 1658. thither was no technology use. The New Yorks first fire department employed eighter men. Nightly, the firemen were walking the streets to check for fires. In the 1850s, the Australian created the hand-shaken wooden rattle alarm which awoke slew from impending harm. After the creation of the telegraph, forthcoming fire alarms were meliorate by employing this technology. Using telegraph technology, in 1852, William F. Channing and Moses Farmer designed both fire alarm boxes with each containing a telegraphic key. With reporting a neighborhood fire, the person cranks the attached handle on the box let go of the key to send out a message of the box sum to a central alarm station. Upon receiving the message, the telegrapher at central furnish sent the corresp onding address of the box location to the fire department reply team 2. Consequently, more advance technologies were apply to create fire alarm which made the latter(prenominal) more telling in numerous ways.One of the almost common types of fire alarm system is the corporation alarm. A reek alarm is one that uses a smoke demodulator as a craft that detects smoke to take off the alarm system. Although the use of smoke detector as sensing element is mostly used in fire alarm, the latter is not fully hard-hitting. According to daybook of base hit Research, improved efforts argon needed for the functional use of smoke alarm to saves more lives. To improve the functioning of fire alarms, the type of demodulator used must be changed 3.Sensors play a fundamental component part to any measurement and automation application. A demodulator is a device that converts a change in a physical condition to a measurable response. One of the most useful types of detector used in fire alarm is the temperature sensor. A temperature sensor is one that converts heat efficiency in electrical energy. That is, the temperature scale is calibrated accordingly to a potential drop scale. There argon several temperature sensors, a few of them are, thermocouples, thermistors and thermostats among others 4.In most of the electronic circuitry, signals from sensors are exploited using a micro conquerler. A microcontroller is a small computer mounted on a single incorporated circuit. It is divided into different section namely the processor core, memory and programmable stimulus and output peripheral. The different types of microcontroller used are Programmable logical system Device (PLD), Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Peripheral Interface Controller and the most recent one the Matrix Industrial Automotive Controller (MIAC). The MIAC is an industrial grade control unit which can be used to control a good range of different electronic systems. Programming the MIAC sy stem is typically make using Flowcode, which is a simple microcontroller language that uses the same principle as flowchart.In this fox, a fire alarm ordain be installed in a chemic laboratory. One of the crucial glitterions while working with chemical substances is temperature. The system which will be created will retain as main(prenominal) objective to regulate in temperature of the laboratory and in case of fire to activate the fire alarm and its entire component. The system will have as input a temperature sensor which will read the temperature of the room. The signals from the temperature sensor will be used as the microcontroller input. The output of the microcontroller will take leave according to the temperature of the room. The three main functions of the microcontroller are to activate the air conditioner system when the temperature of the room is high. Furthermore, at low temperature the microcontroller will activate the heater system. Finally, at very high temp erature, that is in case of fire, the system will activate the fire alarm, the sprinklers, close the windows and doors after all occupants of the laboratory have go away the premises. Closure of the windows and doors pr face the exposure of the fire to oxygen and avoiding the fire to pass on a larger scale.1.2 Aim of the projectThe aim of the line of business is to design a system which will be used in a chemical laboratory. In case of very high temperature in the room denoting a fire, the system activates a fire alarm and all its components. Moreover, when the temperature of the room is low the heater system will be trigger off and when the temperature is high the air conditioner system will be activated. The system will have as input a temperature sensor and the MIAC as microprocessor to process the signals from the temperature sensor and activate the required system as its output.1.3 Objectives of the ProjectThe objectives of the project are as followsTo understand the struct ure and physical process of the MIAC.To study the flowcode programme technique.To understand how to interface MIAC to the inputs and outputs.To design a program that meets the requirements of the system.To build a model of the system with all its components working accordingly.1.4 Structure of the report1.5 shortened Literature ReviewIn the United State (US), most lethal injury that occurs in houses is caused by fires and burns. One of the most persuasive ways to prevent death and injury from fire is by installing a fire alarm. It is an effective method if regular maintenance is done on the alarm system regularly. Statistic shows that 95% of the houses in the US have a fire alarm at that place is still a high percentage of fatal injury caused by fire. Due to lack of maintenance of the alarm, the latter tend to be ineffective. According to the finding in the Journal of Safety 3, theres a huge gap between human action of smoke alarm make up and the number of lives saved in fir e tragedy. In ordain to improve the efficiency of alarm, campaign shall be done to make people aware of the danger if maintenance is not performed regularly. Accordingly, the most vulnerable assort of people from fire death is the young children, older adults and the disabled person.Alarm system is an important aspect in treat constancy. In industry where products are manufactured in line processing, alarm system plays a fundamental role in alerting the operators that a strange event has occur or equipment is not behaving according to normal conditions. For safe operation of the alarm system, regular alarm assessment is required for alarm focussing life cycle 5. Regular assessment provides feedback for fine tuning the system resulting to a good working condition.There are two aspects in fire alarm design. The first aspect, the engineering aspect consist of the blueprint the alarm generating algorithm. The algorithm can be simple limit checking on a raw process to much complex one such as using machine learning tools for fault classification. The morsel aspect of the alarm system is the way that errors are notified in order that essential action is taken at the right measure to solve for the enigma that occurred. Human Machine Interface 6 is an elemental part in the second aspect.In order to test for the performance of alarm system with gaze to the first aspect of alarm design, vivid tools are used. Two graphical tools which are commonly used are firstly the last slow-wittedness Alarm Plot (HDAP) and the Alarm Similarity Color Map (ASCM). The High Density Alarm Plot is an appropriate tool for visualizing large quantity of alarm data of a establish over a selected magazine range. The HDAP gives a global picture of the alarm system without getting a deeper insight of how the latter works. The HDAP has the capability to identify visual periods of plant instability. By instability we mean the period of time where a high number of alarm is activated s imultaneously in a short time period. The Alarm Similarity Color Map (ASCM) is software for graph plotting. There are several steps in plotting the ASCM graph 7. The steps are follows under the assumption that the co-occurrence of two events follow a analogous Poison process and calculate the probability that the number of overlaps is less than the maximum overlaps calculated for various lag.In most of the industrial system, the aim of the milling machinery is to ensure that operation is run fluidly and without any abrupt interruption. Most ripe industries use latest technology to ensure that the work is done correctly and effectively. The latest technologies consist of using sensors to gather information. Sensors are used to expire the physical and environmental conditions under which the plant is running 8. Different sensors are installed at various places in the factory to capture the information required. down the stairs normal conditions, the plant shall operate smoothly . On the other hand, when a sensor captures a change in any one of the variables, operators are notified money box an alarm system. An activated alarm system indicates an abnormality in the plant processing 8.In order to minimize the risk of injury or even death of people inside the plant, the fault should be identify rapidly and remedy actions shall be taken as soon as possible. Using sensors to gather information of the different variable, the running conditions of the factory are monitored thoroughly minimizing the risk that an abnormal behavior goes undetected.In contrast, with small changes in variables being monitored, sensors are prone to capture unimportant events. The slight changes in variables activate the alarm unnecessarily this is known as nuisance alarm. offense alarm conveys false impression of the true nature of the problem 8. faithlessly alarm contributes to a more stressful working environment olibanum reducing the performance of operator to response to true a larm. In 1994, 11 minutes prior to explosion in the Texaco Milford Haven Refinery the two operators present at that time had to distinguish, acknowledge and act on 275 alarms 9. We can leave off that for the proper operation of a factory, it is important to manage the alarm system effectively.There are different approaches to detect faults. Fault sleuthing can be globally classified into two groups, namely model-based and signal processing based. Model based fault detection is more present in areas such as control theory and engineering 10. Since it is very pushful to reach precisely a mathematical model in virtual(a) situation, the use of model-based scheme is limited. Moreover, it is a tedious task and it is not ever sure that the mode will be accurate enough to reflect the practical situation.The most popular fault detection system used nowadays in factories is simple limit checking of a directly measurable variable 10. This system is easy and simple to implement. In spite of its simplicity, the doorsill level should be selected properly which directly affects the number of false and preoccupied alarm. A false alarm is one that is raise without the presence of any abnormality in the process 8. Missed alarm is an alarm that is not raised in the presence of fault 8. When a wrong limen level is chosen in the simple limit checking method, it results in greater number of false and missed alarm.When a fault occurs, the alarm systems may not be activated instantaneously. This occurs due to different delays of the system. There are different reasons causing this delay to a system. The different types of delay are network delay, bad implementation delay, sensor failure and data loss delay among others 8. Moreover, the way the parameters of the alarm system are set can cause also rise the delay time of the system to response to a change in variables. To construct a trustworthy and effective alarm system three performance specifications should be taken into circumstance namely false alarm rate, missed alarm rate and detection delay.1.6 SummaryFrom the information gathered so far, we can deduce that there is a need to research on new types of effective fire alarm system. Since the actual fire alarm systems are not effective as they shall be, an intelligent and practical system will be essential to serve for this purpose. The developed system will be controlled by a Matrix Automotive Multimedia Controller. The proposed system shall successfully deal with fire outbreak and also regulate the temperature of the room.

Aristotles Tragic Hero in Shakespeares Macbeth Essay examples -- Mac

Aristotles Tragic Hero in Macbeth Aristotle and Shakespeare lived ages apart, but Aristotle had a great affect on Shakespeares plays. In Shakespeares tragical play, Macbeth, the character of Macbeth is consistent with Aristotles definition of the tragic adept. Aristotles tragic hero is a man who is characterized by good and evil. He is a mixed bag of good characteristics and bad characteristics. For example, Macbeth was an honorable Thane of Glamis. He was a valiant hero who had protected his country of Scotland well, but he wanted to be king. His overreaching ambition caused him to dash off King Duncan which ended up in his fall. Aristotles tragic hero has a tragic flaw, or harmatia, that is the cause of the downfall. Macbeths vaulting ambition, though it is what brings him to his height of reason, it is also what leads him to his downfall. Vaulting Ambition is Macbeths only flaw it disables him to grasp his utmost goals and forces him to face his fate. With out(a) this ambition, though, Macbeth never would energise been able to achieve his power as King of Scotland or have been able to carry out his evil deeds. In these instances, ambition helped Macbeth do what he wanted to do. But, consequently, Macbeths ambition has another face and is what leads him to his tragic downfall. Had he not been so enveloped with enough King and remaining almighty, he would not have continued to kill innocent people in order to keep his position. It was because of these killings and his overbearing stance that caused him to be overthrown and killed himself. Macbeth, at the beginning of the play seems to be a precise noble person. He is characterized as being very loyal and honorable. He fights in the battle against ... ...o his tragic death. Had it not been for Macbeths obsession with power, he would have been able to remain powerful, but it is because of his ambition that causes him to become less powerful and leads him to his downfall. Works Cited and Cons ulted Brooke, Nicholas, ed. Macbeth. Oxford The Oxford University Press. 1990. Coursen, H.R. Macbeth-A Guide to the Play. London Greenwood Press.1997. Elloway, David. Tragic Ambition in Macbeth Macmillan instruction Limited. 1985. Nostbakken, Faith. Understanding Macbeth. USA Greenwood Press. 1997. Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York Washington Press, 1992. Slethaug, Gordon. evoke Notes for ENGL1007. Online posting. November 2000. <http//ws.bowiestate.edu/archives/1996/0807.html>.

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